Influencia de la composición corporal y el rendimiento físico en jugadoras de fútbol de alto nivel de entrenamiento
Resumen
Introducción: La composición corporal es un factor determinante en el rendimiento deportivo, influyendo en la fuerza, velocidad y potencia. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han analizado esta relación en jugadoras de fútbol. Objetivos: Investigar la influencia de las variables de composición corporal en la capacidad de salto, velocidad de sprint y cambio de dirección (COD) en jugadoras altamente entrenadas. Materiales y métodos: Treinta y ocho atletas de la Segunda División española participaron en un estudio transversal. La composición corporal se evaluó mediante antropometría estandarizada. Las pruebas incluyeron saltos verticales (salto con contramovimiento), saltos horizontales, sprints de 40 m y el test 505 COD. Resultados: Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre la composición corporal y el rendimiento en sprint. El porcentaje de grasa corporal (r = -0,47 a 0,46, p < 0,05) se correlacionó negativamente con los tiempos, mientras que una mayor masa muscular esquelética y masa libre de grasa se asociaron con un mejor rendimiento en sprint y salto. No hubo relación significativa con el COD. Las atletas con menor porcentaje de grasa corporal mostraron un rendimiento superior en salto horizontal, sprints de 20 m, 30 m y 40 m, y velocidad máxima (ES: -0,78 a 0,68). Las atletas con mayor masa muscular obtuvieron mejores resultados en el sprint de 10 m (p < 0,05, ES: 0,56). Conclusiones: Optimizar la composición corporal mediante el aumento de la masa muscular y la reducción del exceso de grasa es esencial para mejorar los sprints y los saltos. Los entrenadores deben adoptar estrategias individualizadas de entrenamiento y nutrición para lograr estas mejoras.
Citas
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Derechos de autor 2025 Alberto Roso-Moliner, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok, Rafael Albalad-Aiguabella, Chris Bishop, Demetrio Lozano, Elena Mainer Pardos
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