Efecto de la suplementación con beta-alanina en el rendimiento: una revisión crítica
Resumen
La beta-alanina es un aminoácido no proteogénico que limita la síntesis de carnosina. El aumento de carnosina muscular se ha considerado un factor de fortalecimiento de las capacidades físicas y disminución de la fatiga neuromuscular. En este contexto, se ha descrito con frecuencia el uso de beta-alanina como ayuda ergogénica. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar las principales investigaciones directamente relacionadas con los efectos de la suplementación con beta-alanina en el rendimiento deportivo, así como establecer pautas adecuadas para dilucidar la dosis de suplementación que promueve resultados positivos y minimiza las posibles adversidades. La revisión bibliográfica incluyó publicaciones nacionales e internacionales, con fechas entre enero de 1990 y mayo de 2017, en las bases de datos electrónicas: Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, Sportdiscus y Web of Science. Las palabras clave utilizadas en la búsqueda se incluyeron en el Thesaurus Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) desarrollado por los EE. UU. Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina. La mayoría de los estudios respaldan que la suplementación de un promedio de 6,4 g/día de beta-alanina puede mejorar el rendimiento en ejercicios de alta intensidad y corta duración.
Citas
-Abe, H. Role of Histidine-related Compounds the Intracellular Proton Buffering Constituents in Vertebrate Muscle. Biochemistry (mosc). Vol. 65. Num. 7. 2000. p. 757-765.
-Artioli, G.G.; Gualano, B.; Smith, A.; Stout, J.; Lancha, A.H.JR. Role of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Muscle Carnosine and Exercise Performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 42. Num. 6. 2010. p. 1162-1173.
-Baguet, A.; Bourgois, J.; Vanhee, L.; Achten. E.; Derave, W. Important Role of Muscle Carnosine in Rowing Performance. Journal of Applied. Physiology. Vol. 109. Num. 4. 2010. p. 1096-1101.
-Baguet, A.; Reyngoudt, H.; Pottier, A.; Everaert, I.; Callens, S.; Achten, E.; Derave, W.Carnosine Loading and Washout in Human Skeletal Muscles. Journal of applied physiology. Vol. 106. Num. 3. 2009. p. 837-842.
-Bellinger, P. M.; Minahan, C. L. Additive Benefits of β-Alanine Supplementation and Sprint-Interval Training. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Vol. 48. Num. 12. 2016. p. 2417-2425.
-Chung, W.; Shaw, G.; Anderson, M.E.; Pyne, D.B.; Saunders, P.U.; Bishop, D.J.; Burke, L.M. Effect of 10 Week Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Competition and Training Performance in Elite Swimmers. Nutrients. Vol. 4. Num. 10. 2012. p. 1441-1453.
-De Salles Painelli, V.; Saunders, B.; Sale, C.; Harris, R. C.; Solis, M. Y.; Roschel, H.; Lancha Jr, A. H. Influence of Training Status on High-Intensity Intermittent Performance in Response to Β-Alanine Supplementation. Amino acids. Vol. 46. Num. 5. 2014. p. 1207-1215.
-De Salles Painelli, V.; Roschel, H.; De Jesus, F.; Sale, C.; Harris, R. C.; Solis, M. Y.; Artioli, G. G. The ergogenic effect of beta-alanine combined with sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity swimming performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. Vol. 38. Num. 5. 2013. p. 525-532.
-Décombaz, J.; Beaumont, M.; Vuichoud, J.; Bouisset, F.; Stellingwerff, T. Effect of Slow-Release Β-Alanine Tablets On Absorption Kinetics and Paresthesia. Amino acids. Vol. 43. Num. 1. 2012. p. 67-76.
-Derave, W.; Everaert, I.; Beeckman, S.; Baguet, A. Muscle Carnosine Metabolism and Beta-Alanine Supplementation in Relation to Exercise and Training. Sports Medicine. Vol. 40. Num. 3. 2010. p. 247-263.
-Derave, W.; Özdemir, M. S.; Harris, R. C.; Pottier, A.; Reyngoudt, H.; Koppo, K.; Achten, E. β-Alanine Supplementation Augments Muscle Carnosine Content And Attenuates Fatigue During Repeated Isokinetic Contraction Bouts In Trained Sprinters. Journal of applied physiology. Vol. 103. Num. 5. 2007. p. 1736-1743.
-Ducker, K.; Dawson, B.; Wallman, K.E. Effect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on 2000-m Rowing-Ergometer Performance. International Journal Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Vol. 23. Num. 4. 2013. p. 336-343.
-Drozak, J.; Veiga-da-Cunha, M.; Vertommen, D.; Stroobant, V.; Van Schaftingen, E. Molecular Identification of Carnosine Synthase as Atp-Grasp Domain-Containing Protein 1 (ATPGD1). Journal of Biological Chemistry. Vol. 285. Num. 13. 2010. p. 9346-9356.
-Gardner, M. L.; Illingworth, K. M.; Kelleher, J. E. R. R. Y.; Wood, D. I. A. N. A. Intestinal Absorption of the Intact Peptide Carnosine in Man, and Comparison with Intestinal Permeability to Lactulose. The Journal ofphysiology. Vol. 439. Num. 1. 1991. p. 411-422.
-Glenn, J. M.; Gray, M.; Stewart Jr, R. W.; Moyen, N. E.; Kavouras, S. A.; DiBrezzo, R.; Stone, M. S. Effects of 28-Day Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Isokinetic Exercise Performance and Body Composition in Female Masters Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. Vol. 30. Num. 1. 2016. p. 200-207.
-Hannah, R.; Stannard, R. L.; Minshull, C.; Artioli, G. G.; Harris, R. C.; Sale, C. Β-Alanine Supplementation Enhances Human Skeletal Muscle Relaxation Speed but Not Force Production Capacity. Journal of applied physiology. Vol. 118. Num. 5. 2015. p. 604-612.
-Harris, R. C.; Jones, G. A.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, C. K.; Price, K. A.; Wise, J. A. Changes in Muscle Carnosine of Subjects with 4 Weeks Supplementation with a Controlled Release Formulation of Beta-Alanine (Carnosyn™), and for 6 Weeks Post. The FASEB Journal. Vol. 23. Num. 1 Supplement. 2009. p. 599-604.
-Harris, R. C.; Jones, G.; Hill, C. A.; Kendrick, I. P.; Boobis, L.; Kim, C.; Wise, J.A. The Carnosine Content of V Lateralis in Vegetarians and Omnivores. The FASEB Journal. Vol. 21. Num. 6. 2007. p. A944-A944.
-Harris, R.C.; Tallon, M.J.; Dunnett, M.; Boobis, L.; Coakley, J.; Kim, H.J.; Fallowfield, J.L.; Hill, C.A.; Sale, C.; Wise, J.A. The Absorption of Orally Supplied Beta-Alanine and its Effect on Muscle Carnosine Synthesis in Human Vastus Lateralis. Amino Acids. Vol. 30. Num. 3. 2006. p. 279-289.
-Hill, C.A.; Harris, R.C.; Kim, H.J.; Harris, B.D.; Sale, C.; Boobis, L.H.; Kim, C.K.; Wise, J.A. Influence of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Concentrations and High Intensity Cycling Capacity. Amino Acids. Vol. 32. Num. 2. 2007. p. 225-233.
-Hobson, R.M.; Saunders, B.; Ball, G.; Harris, R.C.; Sale, C. Effectsof β-Alanine Supplementation on Exercise Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Amino Acids. Vol. 43. Num. 1. 2012. p. 25-37.
-Hoffman, J. R.; Landau, G.; Stout, J. R.; Dabora, M.; Moran, D. S.; Sharvit, N.; Ostfeld, I. β-Alanine Supplementation Improves Tactical Performance but not Cognitive Function In Combat Soldiers. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 11. Num. 1. 2014. p. 15.
-Hoffman, J. R.; Ratamess, N. A.; Faigenbaum, A. D.; Ross, R.; Kang, J.; Stout, J. R.; Wise, J. A. Short-Duration Β-Alanine Supplementation Increases Training Volume and Reduces Subjective Feelings of Fatigue in College Football Players. Nutrition research. Vol. 28. Num. 1. 2008. p. 31-35.
-Hostrup, M.; Bangsbo, J. Improving Beta‐Alanine Supplementation Strategy to Enhance Exercise Performance in Athletes. The Journal of physiology. Vol. 594. Num. 17. 2016. p. 4701-4702.
-Jones, R. L.; Barnett, C. T.; Davidson, J.; Maritza, B.; Fraser, W. D.; Harris, R.; Sale, C. β-Alanine Supplementation Improves In-Vivo Fresh and Fatigued Skeletal Muscle Relaxation Speed. European Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 117. Num. 5. 2017. p. 867-879.
-Jordan, T.; Lukaszuk, J.; Misic, M.; Umoren, J. Effect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (Obla) During Treadmill Running: Pre/Post 2 Treatment Experimental Design. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 7. Num. 1. 2010. p. 20.
-Kendrick, I. P.; Harris, R. C.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, C. K.; Dang, V. H.; Lam, T. Q.; Wise,J. A. The Effects of 10 Weeks of Resistance Training Combined with Β-Alanine Supplementation on Whole Body Strength, Force Production, Muscular Endurance and Body Composition. Amino acids. Vol. 34. Num. 4. 2008. p. 547-554.
-Kern, B.; Robinson, T. Effects of β-alanine Supplementation on Performance and Body Composition in Collegiate Wrestlers and Football Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. Vol. 25. Num. 7. 2011. p. 1804-1815.
-Sale, C.; Hill, C. A.; Ponte, J.; Harris, R. C. β-Alanine Supplementation Improves Isometric Endurance of the Knee Extensor Muscles. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 9 Num. 1. 2012. p.26.
-Sale, C.; Saunders, B.; Hudson, S.; Wise, J. A.; Harris, R. C.; Sunderland, C. D. Effectof β-Alanine Plus Sodium Bicarbonate on High-Intensity Cycling Capacity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 43. Num. 10. 2011. p. 1972-1978.
-Sale, C.; Saunders, B.; Harris, R. C. Effect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Muscle Carnosine Concentrations and Exercise Performance. Amino acids. Vol. 39. Num. 2. 2011. p. 321-333.
-Saunders, B.; Elliott-Sale, K.; Artioli, G. G.; Swinton, P. A.; Dolan, E.; Roschel, H.; Gualano, B. β-Alanine Supplementation to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2016.
-Saunders, B.; Sunderland, C.; Harris, R. C.; Sale, C. β-Alanine Supplementation Improves Yoyo Intermittent Recovery Test Performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 9. Num. 1. 2012a. p. 39.
-Saunders, B.; Sale, C.; Harris, R. C.; Sunderland, C. Effect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Repeated Sprint Performance During the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test. Amino acids. Vol. 43. Num. 1. 2012b. p. 39-47.
-Smith‐Ryan, A. E.; Woessner, M. N.; Melvin, M. N.; Wingfield, H. L.; Hackney, A. C. The Effects of Beta‐Alanine Supplementation on Physical Working Capacity at Heart Rate Threshold. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. Vol. 34. Num. 5. 2014. p. 397-404.
-Smith, A.E.; Walter, A.A.; Crael, J.I.; Kendall, K.I.; Moon, J.R.; Lockwood, C.M.; Fukuda, D.H.; Beck, T.W.; Cramer, J.T.; Stout, J.R. Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training on Endurance Performance and Body Composition in Men: A Double-Blind Trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 6. Num. 5. 2009. p. 9.
-Stegen, S.; Blancquaert, L.; Everaert, I.; Bex, T.; Taes, Y.; Calders, P.; Derave, W. Meal and Beta-Alanine Coingestion Enhances Muscle Carnosine Loading. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 45. Num. 8. 2013. p. 1478-1485.
-Stellingwerff, T.; Anwander, H.; Egger, A.; Buehler, T.; Kreis, R.; Decombaz, J.; Boesch, C. Effect of Two Β-Alanine Dosing Protocols on Muscle Carnosine Synthesis and Washout. Amino acids. Vol. 42. Num. 6. 2012. p. 2461-2472.
-Stout, J. R.; Graves, B. S.; Smith, A. E.; Hartman, M. J.; Cramer, J. T.; Beck, T. W.; Harris, R. C. The Effect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Neuromuscular Fatigue in Elderly (55–92 Years): A Double-Blind Randomized Study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 5. Num. 1. 2008. p. 21.
-Stout, J.R.; Cramer, J.T.; Zoeller, R.F.; Torok, D.; Costa, P.; Hoffman, J.R.; Harris, R.C.; O'Kroy, J. Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on The Onset of Neuromuscular Fatigue and Ventilatory Threshold in Women. Amino Acids. Vol. 32. Num. 3. 2007. p. 381-386.
-Stout, J. R.; Cramer, J. T.; Mielke, M.; O'kroy, J.; Torok, D. J.; Zoeller, R. F. Effects of Twenty-Eight Days of Beta-Alanine and Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on the Physical Working Capacity at Neuromuscular Fatigue Threshold. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. Vol. 20. Num. 4. 2006. p. 928-931.
-Suzuki, Y.; Nakao, T.; Maemura, H.; Sato, M.; Kamahara, K.; Morimatsu, F.; Takamatsu, K. Carnosine and Anserine Ingestion Enhances Contribution of Nonbicarbonate Buffering. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Vol. 38. Num. 2. 2006. p. 334-338.
-Trexler, E. T.; Smith-Ryan, A. E.; Stout, J. R.; Hoffman, J. R.; Wilborn, C. D.; Sale, C.; Campbell, B. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 12. Num. 1. 2015. p. 30.
-Van Thienen, R.; Van Proeyen, K.; Eynde, B. V.; Puype, J.; Lefere, T.; Hespel, P. Β-Alanine Improves Sprint Performance in Endurance Cycling. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 41. Num. 4. 2009. p. 898-903.
-Vanhatalo, A.; Mcnaughton, L. R.; Siegler, J.; Jones, A. M. Effect of Induced Alkalosis on the Power-Duration Relationship of “All-Out” Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Vol. 42. Num. 3. 2010. p. 563-570.
Los autores que publican en esta revista aceptan los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y otorgan a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo licenciado simultáneamente bajo una Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC que permite compartir el trabajo con el reconocimiento de autoría del trabajo y la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Los autores están autorizados a celebrar contratos adicionales por separado, para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicado en esta revista (por ejemplo, publicar en un repositorio institucional o como capítulo de un libro), con reconocimiento de autoría y publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a publicar y distribuir su trabajo en línea (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su página personal) en cualquier momento antes o durante el proceso editorial, ya que esto puede generar cambios productivos y aumentar el impacto y la cita del trabajo publicado (Consulte El Efecto del Acesso Abierto).
